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Violence in Buddhism refers to acts of violence and aggression committed by Buddhists with religious, political, and socio-cultural motivations. Buddhism is generally seen as among the religious traditions least associated with violence,〔Buddhist Warfare by Michael Jerryson and Mark Juergensmeyer / Oxford University Press 2010, p.3 ISBN 978-0-19-539484-9〕 but in the history of Buddhism there have been acts of violence, self-flagellation, suicide torture, and wars justified by or linked to it. Within the monastic traditions there are over sixteen hundred years of recorded incidents of violence in Asia that had a justification in some form of Buddhism〔Buddhist Warfare by Michael Jerryson and Mark Juergensmeyer / Oxford University Press 2010, p.226 ISBN 978-0-19-539484-9〕 == Teachings, interpretations, and practices == In Buddhism, to take refuge in the Dharma - one of the Three Jewels - one should not harm other sentient beings. The Nirvana Sutra states, "By taking refuge in the precious Dharma, One's minds should be free from hurting or harming others". One of the Five Precepts of Buddhist ethics or śīla states, "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/precepts.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Buddhist Ethics )〕 The Buddha is quoted in the Dhammapada as saying, "All are afraid of the stick, all hold their lives dear. Putting oneself in another's place, one should not beat or kill others" and the Sutta Nipata says "'As I am, so are these. As are these, so am I.' Drawing the parallel to yourself, neither kill nor get others to kill." The Buddha reportedly stated, "Victory breeds hatred. The defeated live in pain. Happily the peaceful live giving up victory and defeat." These elements are used to indicate Buddhism is pacifistic and all violence done by Buddhists, even monks, is likely due to economic or political reasons.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Buddhist Ethics )〕 The right action (''samyak-karmānta'' / ''sammā-kammanta'') is the fourth aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path which can also be translated as "right conduct" and it said that the practitioner should train oneself to be morally upright in one's activities, not acting in ways that would be corrupt or bring harm to oneself or to others. In the Chinese and Pali Canon, it is explained as:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Madhyama Agama, Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 26, sutra 31 (分別聖諦經第十一) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 32, Page 814 )〕〔 For the lay follower, the ''Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta'' elaborates: The teaching of right speech (''samyag-vāc'' / ''sammā-vācā'') in the Noble Eightfold Path, condemn all speech that is in any way harmful (malicious and harsh speech) and divisive, encouraging to speak in thoughtful and helpful ways. The Pali Canon explained:〔〔〔〔〔〔 The ''Samaññaphala Sutta'', ''Kevatta Sutta'' and ''Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta'' elaborate:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 1, Page 101, Sutra 24 – the Kevaddha Sutra (第三分堅固經第五) )〕 The ''Abhaya Sutta'' elaborates:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 2, No. 99, Sutra 711 )〕 The Four Great References of the ''Mahaparinibbana Sutta'' states: Michael Jerryson, Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Ohio's Youngstown State University and co-editor of the book ''Buddhist Warfare'', said that "Buddhism differs in that the act of killing is less the focus than the 'intention' behind the killing" and that all peoples have a "penchant for violence" and Buddhists are no different.〔(CNN.com )〕 Gananath Obeyesekere, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at Princeton University, said that "in the Buddhist doctrinal tradition... there is little evidence of intolerance, no justification for violence, no conception even of 'just wars' or 'holy wars.' ... one can make an assertion that Buddhist doctrine is impossible to reconcile logically with an ideology of violence and intolerance"〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Buddhism and violence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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